Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

Original Research Article | OPEN ACCESS

Development of Analytical Method for Detection of Some Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water

Fouad Fadhil Al-Qaim^1,2, Pauzi Md Abdullah^1,3 , Mohamed Rozali Othman^1,3, Jalifah Latip¹, Wan Mohamed Afiq¹

¹School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia; ²Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences for Women, Babylon University, PO Box 4, Hilla, Iraq; ³Centre for Water Research and Analysis (ALIR), Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor. Malaysia.

For correspondence:- Pauzi Abdullah Email: mpauzi@ukm.my Tel:+060193295636

Received: 25 April 2013 Accepted: 12 July 2013 Published: 23 August 2013

Citation: Al-Qaim FF, Abdullah PM, Othman MR, Latip J, Afiq W. Development of Analytical Method for Detection of Some Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water. Trop J Pharm Res 2013; 12(4):609-616 doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v12i4.25

© 2013 The authors.
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Abstract

Purpose: To develop and validate a simple method using solid – phase extraction along with liquid chromatography–time of flight mass spectrometry for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in surface water of Tangkas River, Malaysia.

Methods: Liquid chromatography (LC) was performed on a Dionex Ultimate 3000/LC 09115047 (USA) system equipped with a vacuum degasser, a quaternary pump, an autosampler and UV-Vis diod array detector. Chromatography was performed on a Thermo Scientific C18 (250 mm x 2.1 mm, i.d.: 5µm) column. The injection volume was 20 µL. All compounds (hydrochlorothiazide, gliclazide, diclofenac-Na and mefenamic acid) were analysed in negative ion (NI) mode and eluted off the column with a mobile phase consisting of (A) 0.1% formic acid (FA) in deionised water (DIW) and (B) 40% acetonitrile (ACN) in methanol (MeOH) at 0.3 ml/min. Mass spectrometry was performed on a time of flight (TOF) instrument.

Results: The linearity range, 5 - 500 ng/mL, provided a determination coefficient (R²) > 0.99 for all compounds. The limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 65 - 136 ng/L while recovery ranged from 45 - 111.2 % in the river water. Two pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the surface water samples: diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid at concentrations of 340 and 545 ng/L, respectively.

Conclusion: The developed method is linear in the range 5 - 500 ng/mL, and precise and acceptable recoveries were obtained. In addition, this method is suitable to identify and quantify trace concentrations of diclofenac sodium and mefenamic acid in surface water.

Keywords: Diclofenac, Mefenamic acid, Electrospray Ionization, Mass spectrometry, Solid phase extraction (SPE), Tangkas river, Collision energy